The new Egypt: Leaving women behind

On International Women’s Day, Egyptian women contemplate being overlooked in the formation of a post-Mubarak future.
Basma Atass
Marwa Sharaf el-Din, an Egyptian law PhD candidate at Oxford University, will be in Tahrir Square this afternoon to perform Zajal, a popular traditional form of Arabic poetry.

“Do I have to be broken to be an oriental woman; do I have to always say ‘yes’ to be an Egyptian woman?” her satirical poem reads.

Music bands and other performers will be showcasing their talents in front of thousands of people who will march to Tahrir Square to mark International Women’s Day, which takes place every year on March 8.

“Unlike the confrontational protests we had… to topple the regime, this protest is more of a celebratory one. We want to celebrate the achievements we have accomplished so far in Egypt,” Sharaf-el Din says.

“What we also want to do in today’s rallies is remind the government that women make up half of the country, that we should be part of the decision-making in the new Egypt, that we can’t go backwards.”

A step back

The day before was a very disappointing one for women and women’s rights activists across Egypt – when just one woman was included into the newly sworn-in cabinet. Essam Sharaf, Egypt’s new prime minister, has instead announced the creation of committee that deals with the advancement of women, formed under the supervision of the cabinet.

“I appreciate the prime minister’s acknowledgement of women’s role but I do not agree that this is the solution. I highly doubt this newly created committee will have any power,” says Sharaf-el Din.

Aalam Wassef, an online activist who has long campaigned for women’s rights and says this new arrangement is “condescending to women”.

“It’s like saying you women can have your little committee while we men do the serious business.”

Wassef will be present in Tahrir Square to distribute 10,000 flyers calling for gender equality that he and his friends have printed using their own money. They will also be distributing thousands of stickers that read: “Sally was martyred for both of us;” “My sister has the right to wear what she pleases;” “I am a provider and a caretaker, where am I from the social protection system.”

Laila Mustafa, a veiled woman in her 40s, came across Wassef on Tahrir Square yesterday evening and offered help. She took 1,000 banners to distribute them among her neighbours in Boulaq el Dakroor, one of the poorest neighbourhoods in Cairo.

“I finished distributing all the banners and today I am coming to the square. I do not want to make demands for women. I just want to show presence.

“Today’s demonstration is a good opportunity to show the government that we exist.”

Picking their battles

Throughout the uprising, women were at the forefront of the street protests.

However, they have largely kept quiet about their gender rights in a country where they have faced rampant discrimination and received little legal protection against widespread violence and sexual abuse.

They were careful not to display any intention of wanting to advance one group’s rights over those of another.

“We did not speak of our gender rights during these protests because it was not the right time. We spoke for the political and social rights of all Egyptians. If we were to campaign for our rights as women in parallel with the revolution’s national goal, that would have been called political opportunism,” says Hala Kamal, an assistant professor at Cairo University and a member of the Women in Memory Forum.

But only days into the post-Mubarak era, many women’s rights activists have begun to feel suspicious that the national umbrella they rallied under, whose slogan was democracy, equality and freedom for all Egyptians, may be leaving them out.

Their disillusionment began when no women were selected by the military council to be among the 10-member constitutional committee responsible for making constitutional revisions.

Another disheartening setback that raises questions about the future of women’s rights in Egypt is the return of sexual harassment to the streets.

Returning from the front lines

While the protests have been hailed for being harassment-free in a society infamous for widespread sexual harassment, Engy Gozlan, who works with HarassMap, an initiative that enables women to report sexual harassment via SMS, says sexual harassment incidents have returned to their pre-protests level. It is estimated that more than 80 per cent of Egyptian women have encountered sexual harassment.

Fears that the condition of Egyptian women could return to ‘normal’ after the uprising appear legitimate. After all, there have been several cases in history of uprisings that prove that “women can be used in a revolution and then told ‘thank you, you can go back home,'” Wassef says.

Thus while the widespread participation of Egyptian women in the uprising can be considered “one more step towards women’s empowerment, it should not hold expectations,” says Marina Ottaway, the director of Carnegie Endowment’s Middle East programme.

Reflecting on the Algerian national liberation struggle in the 1960s, Ottaway says: “Francis Fanon,

, has argued that the war of independence has changed the relations between men and women and enhanced the participation of women in the public sphere.”

“But as soon as the war ended and the revolutionary fervour was over, the old gender roles were reinstated. Old customs proved to be very entrenched and hard to change.”

Moreover, Joost Hiltermann, who wrote extensively about Palestinian women’s movements during the first Intifada which begun in the late 1980s, observed in 1991 that “despite women’s activism, their social and political position in society has essentially remained the same”.

Hiltermann, who is now the International Crisis Group’s deputy programme director, says: “It is usually the case that during a national crisis, women play a very active political and social role because everyone is on the barricade. But, when the crisis is over, women return to their original roles.”

From this perspective, Amal Abdel Hadi of the New Women Association in Egypt says that the recent marginalisation of Egyptian women following the uprising is an embodiment of a patriarchal society that is difficult to change.

“This is the default. This is what people were born into and this is how they work. No one wants to make an effort. No one believes in the cause of gender equality.”

Exercising suffrage

Meanwhile, women’s rights activist Hala Kamal is calling on people to look through the lens of Egypt’s own history and reflect on the 1919 Egyptian uprising, which was characterised by the wide and unusual participation of women.

“The outcome of that uprising was incredible progress for women. It led to the establishment of the Egyptian Women Union in the 1920s and the pressure of new women movements increased through out the 1930s and 40s.

“So I am very optimistic that this revolution which, unlike the 1919 revolution, already includes well-established women’s rights organisations, will be positive for women’s rights.”

She also argues that women’s participation in building the future of Egypt has already started widening.

“Even the conservative discourse of the Muslim Brotherhood is now talking about including women in their Consultative Council. Keep in mind that I am talking about the most conservative party in Egypt.”

On the no-woman constitutional committee, Kamal believes it does not provide adequate insight into the future of women’s participation.

“The committee was formed with the specific task of amending articles related to elections and which do not address any gender issue. Also keep in mind that the people who formed this committee are the military, an institution that is already insensitive to gender issues.”

She says that women’s rights organisations should instead shift their focus to gaining representation in the upcoming general committees that will be formed in the coming weeks to change the whole constitution.

“This presents an opportunity for women to be part of devising new gender-sensitive legislation,” Engy Gozlan says.

Women’s coalitions are pushing for 30 per cent representation in these general committees. But for their efforts to be successful, Nevine Ebeid, a women’s rights activist, says: “Women need to wake up now.”

“We are still within the revolutionary fervour. The toppling of the regime is done, the changing of the government is done. This is the time for distributing the booty and women should be strongly present for that.”

“If we do not push hard for our rights and lobby for our representation, our situation may regress to even [worse] than it was before the revolution.”

With the dust of the uprising still unsettled, women’s rights activists are well aware that, over the coming weeks, they will have to seize the moment and fight the battle for representation one institution at a time.

Their success or failure may set the course for how the women’s rights scene will look like over the next decade.

Aljazeera